Their rivalry spoke to rivalries at the core of the American experience. o Technological innovationsrunning water, electricity, household appliances made housework Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. By 1908, a different Interior Secretary, James R. Garfield, sided with the utilitarian conservationists and issued a permit for the Hetch Hetchy project. How did the following contribute to the reform effort? 44. . Some embraced it while others rejected it. It also was an early battle of conservatives vs progressives. Hetch Hetchy Valley: The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. Would that be an improvement? "Prohibition Law" declared it illegal to make, transport, or sell alcohol in the United States. Forests might provide for the material well-being of human beings, but they did not exist for this reason alone. Who was Jane Addams? Richard Ballinger was appointed his Interior Secretary. The history of Californias growth is inextricably linked to the search for water. o Recall: gave voters the right to remove a public official from office at a special electioncould The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. Answer (a), (b), and (c). Early twentieth-century clubs turned from cultural to social betterment. Founded in 1903 by Jane Addams, Mary Anderson and other trade unionists, the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) devoted itself to securing better occupational conditions for women and encouraging women to join the labor movement. Du Bois: had never known slavery. The report cited other dam projects in making the argument that this project would increase tourism. It was one of the central institutions of the urban machine. End of the nineteenth century: First mass organization among women devoted to social reform. In his classic account of the controversy in Wilderness and the American Mind (1967), Roderick Nash concluded that "The extent and vigor of the resistance to San Francisco's plans for Hetch Hetchy constituted tangible evidence for the existence of a wilderness cult [in the United States]. The larger issues at stake would frame environmental debates for years to come. Prominent sponsors of the dam proposal, particularly (by then former) Mayor James Phelan and city engineer Marsdon Manson (and later his successor, Michael OShaughnessy), quietly lobbied key figures in the government, trusting that the appeal of municipal water and power would easily win supporters amid the prevailing progressive political climate. Muir and other defenders of Hetch Hetchy believe the fight revolved around two central issues. Why did progressives place a high value on knowledge and expertise? Bierstadts paintings and Muirs writings began to publicize the beauty of the Hetch Hetchy Valley. Let us introduce you to some of the unique giant sequoia groves in the Yosemite Mariposa County area the Merced, Tuolumne, and Mariposa Groves are inside Yosemite National Park, and the Nelder Grove is just outside the park boundary to the south. a. The evidence was Many viewed saloons as sources of drunkenness, violence, and occasionally murder. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with . Roosevelt continued with the lawsuit and the Supreme Court ruled that the Northern Securities Company must be dissolved. Denouncing dam proponents as greedy, he wrote, These temple destroyers, devotees of ravaging commercialism, seem to have a perfect contempt for Nature, and instead of lifting their eyes to the God of the Mountains, life them to the Almighty Dollar. o Rejected political action in favor of strikesgeneral strikes. The walls of both are of gray granite, rise abruptly out of the flowery grass and groves are sculptured in the same style, and in both every rock is a glacial monument., (Source: Journal of Sierra Nevada History & Biography, Hetch-Hetchy, Natural History Before The Dam, Joe Medeiros), In defense of Hetch Hetchy, Muir crafted some of his most famous prose. conditions of the industrial workplace. No BS! Learn what to expect from Mirror Lake in various seasons. The grassroots organization of environmental activism, established by John Muir and his supporters, became a model for future environmentalists. At the time, suffrage seemed a radical demand. secretary of the interior. It limited the ability of individuals to control their own destinies. The law authorizing the dam passed Congress on December 7, 1913. He had journeyed to Washington to lobby the federal government on behalf of the project. While John Muir led the fight against building the dam, the opposition was supported by Gifford Pinchot. o Some educated women shunned marriagewanted to stay active in the public world. Most reformers agreed that the growing immigrant population had created social problems. They poured an estimated total of more than 398,000 cubic yards (304,000 cubic meters) of concrete to form the dam. Through the manipulation of water, the company also had the power to determine which real estate became valuable and which languished. What was the Socialist Party of America? . . . Congress would decide the fate of the Hetchy Hetchy Valley. In the distance, long white plumes of water cascade hundreds of feet down from rocky heights. Does the decision to make a blockbuster movie mean that some other more The battle for Hetch Hetchy wasnt just conservationists vs preservationists. Progressives involved in reform placed emphasis on knowledge and expertise (examplesocial work). Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. What professions were considered "suitable" for women? Muir famously said, Dam Hetch Hetchy! There are many places to stop and enjoy views of the rushing water before turning around to return to your car. He would sign what is known as the 1897 Organic Act into law. Muir argued that every remaining acre of unentered forest-bearing land in all the country . Fight for their civil rights. If youre especially in the mood to relax and let yourself be taken care of, The Blackberry Inn is a luxury bed and breakfast situated on 36 acres and surrounded by National Forest land. The gently rolling terrain has excellent views of the water and eye-catching Kolana Rock, which towers roughly 2,000 feet above. Those who presumed to speak for wealth, much of which flowed to San Francisco, believed they were transforming a pioneer land into a settled, civilized one. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This is interesting from an ideological perspective. He added significantly to the National Park System. Monroe was a Chicago poet who joined Muir and others on their 1908 and 1909 outings to the valley. This time, in favor of those who wanted to build the dam. That trip is a 19.1-mile (22.9 km) out and back, or you can turn the hike into a loop that returns past Rancheria Falls (28.2 miles, 45.4 km). Youll just need to see them for yourself. "HETCH HETCHY" ran the headline on September 4, 1913: The only time to set aside national parks is before the bustling needs of civilization have crept upon them. When Taft lost progressive support in 1909, Roosevelt refused to back Taft in the election of 1912, so Roosevelt and his supporters set up the Progressive Party, called the Bull Moose Party with Roosevelt as their candidate. As John Clayton writes, At the height of Progressivism, Phelan and other good-government types believed that the city should administer its own utilities. Would there be any room in an acquisitive society for wildness, or for non material spiritual values?. Including additions made between 1934 and 1938, the dam currently stands 430 feet (131 m) above the bedrock below. Nevertheless, some women, the new middle-class did enter professional careers. Buck Meadows is also a great place to spend the night. Suffrage movement gained momentum when states began extending suffrage to women. In spite of Muirs eloquent and heated objections, the Raker Act was signed into law in December of 1913. 10. preservationists (John Muir) vs. conservationists (Gifford Pinchot), Hetch Hetchy controversy 11. Teams completed the OShaughnessy Dam in 1923 and the reservoir filled for the first time in May of that year. Submit your nominations for the 2024 NEH Jefferson Lecturer, NEH Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities nominations. This time it was in favor those who wanted to preserve the valley for generations yet to come. From 1908-1913, Congress debated legislation to supply the city of San Francisco with water by damming the Hetch Hetchy Valley. At a series of book talks, supported by Humanities Montana, Clayton has found that these conflicts still resonate deeply with audiences. A few became physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists, and corporate managers. How did this affect other professions? Slow down and spend the day at Tenaya Lake a beautiful and easy-to-get-to alpine lake cupped by granite domes. In 1896, the Democratic political platform. The election offered voters several choices: Wilson's New Freedom, Taft's conservatism, Roosevelt's progressivism, or the Socialist Party Policies of Eugene B. Debs. special experiences and special sensitivities. Pinchot was Americas Forester. He served as the first head of the United States Forest Service. o Declining family size Five country-chic rooms in the main building include en suite bathrooms, free WiFi and electric fireplaces. In 1913, Woodrow Wilson appointed Lane his Secretary of the Interior. His popularity continued to increase and many felt he would go against tradition and run for a third term. o Social cohesion: individuals are part of a great web of social relationships, and each person's He wrote, I have always called it the Tuolumne Yosemite, for it is a wonderfully exact counterpart of the great Yosemite, not only in its crystal river and sublime rocks and waterfalls, but in the gardens, groves, and meadows of its flowery park-like floor. There is plenty to see and do right here, from kayaking on the water to climbing the magnificent domes above. Was everyone satisfied with the amendment? In the foreground, the deep still water of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir reflects sunshine, clouds and the proud shadows of the surrounding mountains. The surface of the water hides an additional 300 feet of granite cliffs and once-upon-a-time waterfalls within its depths. Women's clubs began primarily as cultural organizations to provide middle- and upper-class women without an outlet for their intellectual energies. What was the chief concern of the "Social Gospel"? Amateur and professional. City Manager Plan: elected officials hired an outside expertoften a professionally trained business These clean and comfortable rooms also enjoy access to the pool, spa and other facilities at Yosemite Westgate Lodge. As a consequence, visitors came to experience it for themselves. The fundamental issue involved two concepts. o 1911, Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York destroyed by a terrible fire. Founder of Settlement House Movement. What did the club movement allow women to do? Who was picked to be Roosevelt's successor? In the late nineteenth century, American Populism. Like light shining through a prism, our views today must reflect the colorful variety of perspectives passed down through history. Now San Francisco wanted to dam one of the two principal watersheds in the park, the Hetch Hetchy valley through which ran the Tuolumne River, to create a reservoir for its water supply. What should be the fate of prairies, wetlands, or coastal marshes? Direct Primary and Recall Chapter 28 Apush. John Muir stands with President Theodore Roosevelt on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park in 1903. Horace Albright, the second director of the National Park Service, wrote that Franklin Lanes appointment to the cabinet was made specifically for the purpose of pushing this [Hetch Hetchy project], the so-called Raker-Pittman Bill. (Source: The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy, Robert W. Righter). desirable activities get fewer resources than they deserve? Report scam, HUMANITIES, Winter 2020, Volume 41, Number 1, The National Endowment for the Humanities, State and Jurisdictional Humanities Councils, HUMANITIES: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities, SUBSCRIBE FOR HUMANITIES MAGAZINE PRINT EDITION, Sign up for HUMANITIES Magazine newsletter, The Founder of the Appalachian Trail Imagined Something Even Grander, Chronicling America: History American Newspapers. How did the following influence reform: Why did women's suffrage seem such a radical demand during progressive time? The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. Regarding labor issues, Roosevelt was willing to look at the side of the workers, not just the employers. Who became the most powerful symbol of the reform impulse at the national level? It became a powerful movement within American Protestantism. He lobbied congressmen, compromised with logging and mining companies, and argued for a forest system in which these disparate groups could jointly pursue their interests. In these magazines he articulated the diverse system that we now understand as public lands, a system that combines the preservation of national parks like Yosemite with a system of forests, protected by the federal government but open to every Americans use. William Howard Taft During the opening months of his administration, Taft called Congress into special session to lower protective rates. Most people turn around here anyway. They were introvert and extrovert. Like Muir, she felt the beauty of the valley was a national treasure which ought to be preserved. In: Educational Resources, History, National Parks, Your email address will not be published. Us too! But during peak spring flow, the thundering waterfall can wash over the bridge making it dangerous to cross. The San Francisco Bulletin printed a Dec. 1, 1913, story calling the bills opponents a crowd ofnature lovers and fakers, who are waging a sentimental campaign to preserve the Hetch Hetchy Valley as a public playground, a purpose for which it has never been used.. Albright, along with Stephen Mather, became instrumental players in the creation of a national park system three years after Congress decided the issue of Hetch Hetchy. W.E.B. Instead, the magnificence of a valley often described as Yosemite Valleys slightly smaller twin takes center stage. Should nature be left alone so that flora and fauna flourish while people enjoy its primal wonders? Instead, it was a more complicated battle which pitted public interests against private interests. As of 2013, the water storage and hydroelectric power supplied by the Hetch Hetchy Project serviced an estimated 2.6 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area. Many feared that we were headed for a timber famine in the next twenty years. What impact did Roosevelt have on American conservation? As well dam for water tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.'. The trail to Wapama Falls is one of the most popular trails in the Hetch Hetchy area for a good reason. o Initiative: allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislation The book confronts the common historical narrative that Muir and Pinchot were enemies, their relationship defined by their battle over the creation of the Hetch Hetchy Dam in Yosemite. Sign up for the email list and join an active community of monthly readers. The first people, outside of Native Americans, to see the Hetch Hetchy Valley were Joseph, Nate and William Screechin 1850. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.`. Which statement about education in the late nineteenth century is FALSE? Muir fought in the pages of theAtlanticandHarpers Weekly. Could you imagine building a dam inside a national park today? By 1919,how many states had granted women the right to vote? causing much controversy. Another popular trail crosses the OShaughnessy Dam and then takes a left turn to climb steeply out of the Hetch Hetchy valley. The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. helped establish the federal government's role in managing the nation's wilderness. o Commander of the Rough Riders injustices. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing population, and saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. And if youre an engineer or a manager, or if youre interested in fairness or democratic processes, youre probably a Pinchot person. And yet, for Clayton, these differences deepen the story of the two mens cooperation as much as their rivalry. o Populists proposed two important changes in the 1890s 46. He was opposed by then Mayor Diane Feinstein who argued that the dam was San Franciscans birthright. Roosevelt and his followers left the convention and the party. o Some argued that immigration should be restricted by nationalitythe "new immigrants" were less apt to assimilate. Some hydro-power dams withhold and then release water to generate power for peak demand periods, which is particularly disruptive to migrating fish. Environmentalists lost what was the opening battle in a fight to preserve Americas natural wonders. More Than Just Parks | National Parks Guides. Hetch Hetchy is on the main stem of the Tuolumne River and is part of the Tuolumne watershed. By 1919, 39 states had granted women the right to vote in at least some elections. Preservationists led by John Muir and the Sierra Club argued that the valley should be protected against human. o Laws passed restricting lobbying by business interests in state legislatures. San Franciscos water system could not adequately serve its growing population, and the dam presented a solution. Many progressives considered the elimination of alcohol from American life a necessary step in restoring order to society. Total Cards. Within the ranks of the Sierra Club, there was a split between those San Francisco members who favored the dams municipal use versus those who believed this pristine area should not be tampered with under any circumstances. According to a local legend, Nate spotted a valley to the east that was too far to visit. o For the next three year, a state commission studied the background of the fire and the general Second, dams slow rivers. Richard Ballinger was a conservative who was one of the main characters who was responsible for the progressive-conservative split in the GOP in 1912 (leading to the creation of the Bull Moose party), which is the factor that determined the GOP would be on the right side of the political spectrum (and therefore ensuring the Democrats would be on the left side of the spectrum). Recall: Initiative and Referendum Mirror Lakes famous spring-time reflections capture the eye and mind. You could miss this small mountain community if you blink at the wrong time, but it is home to a few remarkable small businesses. They suggest that draining the reservoir and turning Hetch Hetchy Valley into a tourist center similar to Yosemite Valley could be worth up to $178 million per year. San Francisco assumed from the outset that there would not be significant opposition to using the Hetch Hetchy Valley, even if it was in a national park, for the high and noble purpose of providing water to one of the nations great and growing metropolises, so their efforts in Washington, DC, were conducted discreetly. As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man . Campaign for Republican nomination became a battle between Roosevelt and Taft. The two have come to embody the conflicting philosophies at the heart of the American public land system: preservation vs. conservation. Courtesy of Evergreen Lodge Northern California's reservoir levels continued to rise in the week after an. As the battle lines were drawn, the different methods employed by each side in presenting their case spoke to some of their basic assumptions about the nature of the issue. He discovered it a few of years later. social gospel. What reasons were given, supporting women's suffrage? Put another way, if Congress denied the city of San Francisco the Hetch Hetchy Valley, the California Progressive leaders suspected that it would only be a matter of time before the emerging Pacific Gas and Electric Company would grab the area. The most prominent preservationist spokesman was John Muir.. Some argued that women had the same "natural rights" -women deserved the same rights as The founder of the Sierra Club worshiped the outdoor world. Strengthen the government's ability to break up trusts. Why did women's clubs begin? To get to Hetch Hetchy, turn north off Highway 120 onto Evergreen Road about 1 mile (2.2 km) outside the Big Oak Flat Entrance gate, and 12.5 miles (20 km) east of the small community of Buck Meadows. Reformers viewed state legislatures as corruptincompetent, corrupt, controlled by party bosses. You might as well deface the worlds great cathedrals, he said, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man. The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dams construction. challenging the existing male-dominated order. If youre a poet, if youre religious or spiritual, or youre an artist, youre probably a Muir person. B. led to a diversification of research interests. o Almost all income producing activity had moved out of the home and into the factory/office What impact did the organization have on race relations? The exploitation of Californias natural resources continued unabated in the years leading up to Hetch Hetchy. Historians of the American conservation movement regard Pinchot as the foremost exemplar of the utilitarian approach to conservation, according to which man has a right to use natural resources, but also an obligation to use them wisely and efficientlyor as the classic criterion put it, the greatest good for the greatest number over the long run. As applied to forests and espoused by Pinchot, this meant that the nations forest reserves ought not to be maintained as inviolate sanctuaries, but opened to enlightened management.. How are these opinions different than and similar to today? In 1909, Taft's popularity with reformers was destroyed for good. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. What impact did it have on the temperance movement? There have been lawsuits over whether San Francisco violated the agreements of the Raker Act. Glaciers followed these low-points, leaving their own marks in particular carving out the characteristic U-shaped valley with steep sides and wide floor. Other forms of change: He supported the Keating-Owen Act, which was the first federal law regulating child labor. Yet we tend to focus on the latter, the story that pits Muir and Pinchot against each other. Using executive powers, Roosevelt restricted private development on millions of acres of undeveloped government landmost in the Westadding them to the previously modest national forest system. o Divorce rate grew. After the accounts have been adjusted at August 31, the end of the fiscal year, the following balances were taken from the ledger of Marcy Delivery Services Co.: Journalize the four entries required to close the accounts.