After a brief period of constitutional rule, each of the former Spanish colonies in the Americas experienced a collapse of effective national government. [28] Due to the structure of their leadership, one-party dictatorships are significantly less likely to face civil conflict, insurgency, or terrorism than other forms of dictatorship. A dictatorship is a form of government in which most or all authority of the country is in the hands of a single individual; the leader. Dictatorship is a form of government characterized by the absolute rule of one person or a very small group of people who hold all political power. The figure who embodies this dictatorship is obviously the dictator and this always represents the maximum hierarchy and authority for all things related to the development of a society. In many cases, of course, such provisions have been the instruments with which dictators have overthrown the regime. The result is that such regimes have no internal checks and balances, and are thus unrestrained when exerting repression on their people, making radical shifts in foreign policy, or starting wars with other countries. The Soviet Union occupied nationalist dictatorships in the east and replaced them with communist dictatorships, while others established liberal democratic governments in the Western Bloc. In other democracies, however, constitutional arrangements have survived quite lengthy periods of crisis government. Nglish: Translation of dictatorship for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of dictatorship for Arabic Speakers, Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about dictatorship. totalitarianism, form of government that theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of individual life to the authority of the state. The ruler of a dictatorship is called a dictator. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Such elites have typically exercised power to maintain the economic and political status quo. [51] In the modern era, absolute monarchies are most common in the Middle East. In its 19th-century form, caudillismo was the result of the breakdown of central authority. Democracy and Dictatorship: Conceptualization and Measurement", "Democracy and Dictatorship: Conceptualization and Measurement", Divergent Incentives for Dictators: Domestic Institutions and (International Promises Not to) Torture, "Cooperation, Cooptation, and Rebellion Under Dictatorships", "How Foreign Aid Can Foster Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes", "Tyrants and Terrorism: Why Some Autocrats are Terrorized While Others are Not", "Dictatorship: Modern Tyranny Between Leviathan and Behemoth (Version 2.0) (english version)", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716204.001.0001, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dictatorship&oldid=1152037614. In modern times, it's not unusual to hear news stories about dictators being elected by their citizens, when in fact the elections are manipulated through intimidation of voters to ensure the dictator's victory. The predominance of violent force in military training manifests in an acceptance of violence as a political tool and the ability to organize violence on a large scale. Elites are also the primary political threats of a dictator, as they can leverage their power to influence or overthrow the dictatorship. The government was described as a dictatorship of the proletariat in which power was exercised by soviets. In which one may be a senior politician or any group owns all the authority for ruling over the country. But monarchs usually inherit their position. Parties formed after the seizure of power often have little influence and only exist to serve the dictator. [3] Elites must also compete to wield more power than one another, but the amount of power held by elites also depends on their unity. Governments classified by mode of succession, Succession by constitutional prescription, Governments classified by stage of development, Protection of political and social rights, Development and change in political systems. Unlike in the United States and other similar nations, the people living in a dictatorship have no rights of free speech, freedom of religion, a free press or even the right to hold an opinion in opposition to the ruler and ruling party. FM to become first Israeli minister in nearly 30 years to visit the closed central Asian dictatorship, an oil-rich state on Iranian border . Political scientists such as Juan Jos Linz and Samuel P. Huntington identify key attributes that define the power structure of a dictatorship, including a single leader or a small group of leaders, the exercise of power with few limitations, limited political pluralism, and limited mass mobilization. According to Ford, Dictatorship is the assumption of extra-legal authority by the Head of the State. But in a modern-day dictatorship government, one person (or a small group of individuals) has complete control over the government regardless of whether there is a state of emergency or not. These movements were a response to what they perceived as decadence and societal decay due to the changing social norms and race relations brought about by liberalism. [127] Foreign intervention takes place when another country seeks to topple a regime by invading the country or supporting the opposition. [24], Military dictatorships often have traits in common due to the shared background of military dictators. BNP Secretary General Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir has called on the people, especially the workers, to stand up against the government. [61] In Europe, the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell, formed in 1649 after the Second English Civil War, has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics. ", "Dictators and Their Followers: A Theory of Dictatorship", "The many Robespierres from 1794 to the present", "A Family of Political Concepts: Tyranny, Despotism, Bonapartism, Caesarism, Dictatorship, 1750-1917", "The Age of the Caudillos: A Chapter in Hispanic American History", "Europe Will be a Fascist Europe: July 1934May 1936", "African military coups d'tat, 19562001: frequency, trends and distribution", "From Protest to Change of Regime: The 419 Revolt and The Fall of the Rhee Regime in South Korea*", "The waning of the military coup in Arab politics", "Introduction: Studying Communist Dictatorships: From Comparative to Transnational History", "Military Coups and Military Rule in Latin America", "Cuba: The United States and Batista, 1952-58", "The Predicament of Europe's 'Last Dictator', "The Kremlin Emboldened: How Putin Wins Support", "The Resistible Rise of Vladimir Putin: Russia's Nightmare Dressed Like a Daydream", "Biden suggests Putin is a 'dictator' who has committed 'genocide half a world away', "5. In the contemporary world, in some countries that have not experienced the full impact of industrialization, governing elites are still often recruited from a ruling classa stratum of society that monopolizes the chief social and economic functions in the system. However, his presidency came under dispute in 2019. It has fewer advantages than disadvantages Advantages Low crime rates. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Elites in personalist dictatorships often do not have a professional political career and are unqualified for positions they are given. Similarly, although the 1958 constitution of the Fifth Republic of France contained far-reaching emergency powers conferred on the presidentwhen the institutions of the Republic, the independence of the nation, the integrity of its territory or the fulfillment of its international obligations are threatened with immediate and grave danger, and when the regular functioning of the constitutional authority is interruptedtheir implicit threat to the constitutional order has not been realized. Western constitutional democracies have provided examples of another type of contemporary dictatorship. A dictatorship leader is a political leader who possesses absolute power. [103] Belarus under the rule of Alexander Lukashenko has been described as "the last European dictatorship",[109][110] though the rule of Vladimir Putin in Russia has also been described as a dictatorship. As a result, dictatorship became one of the two dominant forms of government utilized by countries. [107] Dictatorships are often recipients of foreign aid on the condition that they make advances toward democratization. [8], Totalitarianism is a variation of dictatorship characterized by the presence of a single political party and more specifically, by a powerful leader who imposes personal and political prominence. A dictatorship is a form of government in which a person or a small group rules with almost unlimited power. [68] The Spanish American wars of independence took place in the early-19th century, creating many new Latin American governments. Leadership Types and Styles: Help & Review, What is a Leader? [106], The nature of dictatorship changed in much of the world at the onset of the 21st century. They are not held accountable for their actions and are free to do as they please, even limiting citizens' freedom and rights. [100] Josip Broz Tito declared a communist government in Yugoslavia during World War II, which was initially aligned with the Soviet Union. [85] After being defeated in World War II, the far-right dictatorships of Europe collapsed, with the exceptions of Spain and Portugal. While portrayed to their people as benevolent, loving rulers, dictators typically come to power simply to benefit themselves. [62][63][64] Maximilien Robespierre has been similarly described as a dictator while he controlled the National Convention in France and carried out the Reign of Terror in 1793 and 1794. At various points in the 20th and 21st centuries, during periods of domestic or foreign crisis, most constitutional regimes conferred emergency powers on the executive, suspending constitutional guarantees of individual rights or liberties or declaring some form of martial law. [88] European fascism was imported to Latin America as well, and the Vargas Era of Brazil was heavily influenced by the corporatism practiced in fascist Italy. The use of the term dictatorship originated in the Roman Republic. Marxist one-party states are sometimes distinguished from other one-party states, but they function similarly. Since many of these methods are graphic, it might be best to either use more text in the graphic organizer, or make any drawings look less realistic and more cartoonish. 2023. These caudillos, or self-proclaimed leaders, usually led a private army and tried to establish control over a territory before marching upon a weak national government. Nazi Germany under Hitler and the Soviet Union under Stalin are the leading examples of modern totalitarian dictatorships. More complex economies require additional cooperation between the dictator and other groups. - Definition, Facts, Characteristics & Examples, Army Leadership: Attributes, Philosophy & Principles, Strategic Leadership: Definition, Characteristics & Examples, Human Resources Management: Help & Review, International Business Management: Help & Review, Using Kanban in Business Management: Help & Review, U.S. Labor Law in the Private Sector Post-1960, High School Business for Teachers: Help & Review, Introduction to Financial Accounting: Certificate Program, Information Systems and Computer Applications: Certificate Program, Introduction to Management: Help and Review, Dictatorship Lesson for Kids: Definition & Facts, Robinson-Patman Act Of 1936: Summary, Overview, Interactive Marketing: Strategies & Examples, What Is Cultural Awareness in Business? [14], Unless they have undertaken a self-coup, those seizing power typically have little governmental experience and do not have a detailed policy plan in advance. This violence is frequently exercised through institutions such as military or police forces. dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. Ancient philosophers descriptions of the tyrannies of Greece and Sicily go far toward characterizing modern dictatorships. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. [107] The development of the internet and digital communication in the 21st century have prompted dictatorships to shift from traditional means of control to digital ones, including the use of artificial intelligence to analyze mass communications, internet censorship to restrict the flow of information, and troll farms to manipulate public opinion. [37], Personalist dictators typically favor loyalty over competence in their governments and have a general distrust of intelligentsia. [133] A study found that dictatorships that engage in oil drilling are more likely to remain in power, with 70.63% of the dictators who engage in oil drilling still being in power after 5 years of dictatorship, while only 59.92% of the non-oil producing dictators survive the first 5 years. Dictatorship. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dictatorship. Dictatorships frequently hold elections in order to establish their legitimacy or provide incentives to members of the ruling party, but these elections are not competitive for the opposition. [56] At least 85 such dictators were chosen over the course of the Roman Republic, the last of which was chosen to wage the Second Punic War. In other new countries, the armies seized power, and military dictatorships were established. Stability can be weakened when opposition groups grow and unify or when elites are not loyal to the regime. A dictatorship is a form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, who hold governmental powers with few to no limitations on them. Dictatorships can be formed by a military coup that overthrows the previous government through force or they can be formed by a self-coup in which elected leaders make their rule permanent. These individuals form an inner circle, making up a class of elites that hold a degree of power within the dictatorship and receive benefits in exchange for their support. Strict government-imposed constraints on social freedoms such as suppression of political opponents and anti-regime activity The presence of a ruling executive with vague, shifting, and loosely-defined powers Modern dictatorships such as Venezuela under Hugo Chvez and Cuba under Fidel Castro typify authoritarian governments. Kim Jong-un is currently the Supreme Leader of North Korea. As you start to memorize this lesson's details, you'll grow in your ability to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Industrialization produces new, differentiated elites that replace the small leadership groupings that once controlled social, economic, and political power in the society. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. In a dictatorship, a single person, a dictator, has absolute power over the state. The dictatorship is characterized by concentrating power in a single person or small group , while in the democratic government system the separation of powers allows freedom to be maintained and the powers control each other. This means that the ruler or party has complete control. Fascism, in its National Socialist form, was primarily a counterrevolutionary movement that mobilized middle- and lower middle-class groups to pursue nationalistic and militaristic goals and whose sole principle of organization was obedience to the Fhrer. Dictatorship - a form of government in which a ruler or small clique wield absolute power (not restricted by a constitution or laws). The 20th-century dictatorships in Latin American countries had different aims. Totalitarianism is a type of governmental system in which the government exerts a domineering level of control over the population. Theocracy Overview & Examples | What is Theocracy? [72] The societal upheaval caused by World War I and the unstable peace it produced further contributed to instability that benefited extremist movements and rallied support for their causes. [46], The shift in the power relation between the dictator and their inner circle has severe consequences for the behavior of such regimes as a whole. Modern dictators, however, resemble ancient tyrants rather than ancient dictators. Members of the group will typically make up the elites in a dictator's inner circle at the beginning of a new dictatorship, though the dictator may remove them as a means to gain additional power. [117] Generally, two research approaches exist: the minimalist approach, which focuses on whether a country has continued elections that are competitive, and the substantive approach, which expands the concept of democracy to include human rights, freedom of the press, and the rule of law. [43] This idea references the heavy reliance on repression of the public in order to stay in power, which creates incentives for all constituents to falsify their preferences, which does not allow for the dictator to know the genuine popular beliefs or his realistic measure of societal support. [108], Dictatorship in Europe largely ended after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the liberalization of most communist states. Many are noted for their cruelty, while others are honored as national heroes. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 [91], The Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, splitting the Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek and the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. Leslie Beecher has been in the field of education for over 15 years serving as a tutor, teacher and instructional designer. Factions or divisions among the elites will mitigate their ability to bargain with the dictator, resulting in the dictator having more unrestrained power. [1] A dictatorship that is ruled by soldiers is called a military dictatorship or junta. Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, and Palestine are the only democratic nations in the region, with Israel being the only nation in this region that affords broad political liberties to its citizens. The 20th century also saw the rise of personalist dictatorships in Africa and military dictatorships in Latin America, both of which became prominent in the 1960s and 1970s. Elections allow a dictatorship to exercise some control over the opposition by setting the terms under which the opposition challenges the regime. They may also employ techniques of mass propaganda in order to sustain their public support. [59] Shoguns were de facto military dictators in Japan beginning in 1185 and continuing for over six hundred years. Omissions? dictatorship: 1 n a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Presidential System of Government Overview & Function | 7 Roles of the President, Landmark Cases Based on Constitutional Amendments. [114] The countries of Central Asia did not liberalize after the fall of the Soviet Union, instead forming as dictatorships led by former elites of the Communist Party and then later by successive dictators. [45] Although, when it comes to polling and elections a dictator could use his power to override private preferences. ", "The Cromwellian Protectorate: A Military Dictatorship? [102] The stability of the Soviet Union weakened in the 1980s. [94], Marxist and nationalist movements became popular in Southeast Asia as a response to colonial control and the subsequent Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia, with both ideologies facilitating the creation of dictatorships after World War II. There have been a very great many military dictators; their . The National Liberation Front & People's Army of Vietnam | History, Purpose & Strategy, The Power of the Federal Judiciary: Sources & Consequences, Totalitarian Government | Characteristics & Examples. Of the 197 countries in the world today, approximately 20 are classified as dictatorships, depending upon the source consulted. [54][55] The concept of "dictator" was first developed during the Roman Republic. [11][12] He describes totalitarian regimes as exercising control over politics and political mobilization rather than merely suppressing it. Hybrid dictatorships are regimes that have a combination of these classifications. [13] After power is seized, the group must determine what positions its members will hold in the new government and how this government will operate, sometimes resulting in disagreements that split the group. This makes it distinct from constitutional monarchy and ceremonial monarchy. [67] In Europe it was often thought of in terms of Bonapartism and Caesarism, with the former describing the military rule of Napoleon and the latter describing the imperial rule of Napoleon III in the vein of Julius Caesar. With constitutional democracy, it is one of the two chief forms of government in use today. [132] In the 21st century, dictatorships have moved toward greater integration with the global community and increasingly attempt to present themselves as democratic. Dictators are more likely to implement long-term investments into the country's economy if they feel secure in their power. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. Alfred says, Create your account. The most notorious dictatorships are characterized by a culture of violence, terror and death. Most modern-day dictators rise to power for personal reasons, which are not usually benevolent or for the good of the country's citizens. [9] Political philosopher Hannah Arendt describes totalitarianism as a new and extreme form of dictatorship composed of "atomized, isolated individuals" in which ideology plays a leading role in defining how the entire society should be organized. in Elementary Education from Northern Arizona University and M.Ed. Although the term oligarchy is rarely used to refer to contemporary political systems, the phenomenon of irresponsible rule by small groups has not vanished from the world. The constitutional systems inherited from the colonial powers proved unworkable in the absence of a strong middle class; local traditions of autocratic rule retained a powerful influence; the army, one of the few organized forces in society, was also often the only force capable of maintaining order; and a tiny intellectual class was impatient for economic progress, frustrated by the lack of opportunity, and deeply influenced by the example of authoritarianism in other countries. [44] As a result of authoritarian politics, a series of major issues may ensue. One moose, two moose. Personalist regimes diverge from other regimes when it comes to their longevity, methods of breakdown, levels of corruption, and proneness to conflicts. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. [134], Most dictatorships hold elections to maintain legitimacy and stability, but these elections are typically uncompetitive and the opposition is not permitted to win. [15] If the dictator has not seized power through a political party, then a party may be formed as a mechanism to reward supporters and to concentrate power in the hands of political allies instead of militant allies. [90] These new African governments were marked by severe instability, which provided opportunities for regime change and made fair elections a rare occurrence on the continent. In the new states of Africa and Asia after World War II, dictators quickly established themselves on the ruins of constitutional arrangements inherited from the Western colonial powers that had proved unworkable in the absence of a strong middle class and in the face of local traditions of autocratic rule.
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