Domestic and rest of the world (RoW) impacts can be split out in the model calculations. The GHG Protocol provides two resources to help organizations estimate scope 3 emissions: For financial institutions, The Global GHG Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Financial Industry, published by the Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials, offers specific guidance on calculating scope 3, category 15 (investments) emissions. How are emission factors developed? ADS These values are included the WasteDisaggaregation_Use sheet in the primary data record in the Use table intersection rows. https://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/data/2010/ (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2013). Developed by EPA researchers in support of the Agencys sustainable materials management program, USEEIO melds data on economic transactions between 389 industry sectors with a wealth of environmental information, including data on land, water, energy and mineral use, air pollution, nutrients, and toxics. M.L. This dataset tracks the monetary receipts by the different waste management subsectors that broadly correspond to the disaggregated sectors being introduced to the v2.0 model. A similar approach is used to calculate the direct+indirect impacts x sector with the direct perspective as Hr but it uses includes the D direct impact matrix to characterize those flows as shown in Eq. Edelen, A., Hottle, T., Cashman, S. & Ingwersen, W. The federal LCA commons elementary flow list: Background, approach, description and recommendations for use. Ingwersen, W., Yang, Y., Gilkey, K. & Li, M. USEEIO v1.1 Description of Satellite Table Updates. In the original analysis, industrial water was allocated to NAICS 3133 using 3-digit NAICS Canadian Industrial Water Use statistics, scaled to US production by US GDP. Perspect. Crop Irrigation water withdrawals are allocated proportionally using water use by crop type. The IO transactions for the Use table intersection are assigned based on material flows between the disaggregated sectors, using RCRAInfo data as the main data source. 20095041 https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095041 (U.S. Geological Survey, 2009). https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection/international-actions-montreal-protocol-substances-deplete-ozone-layer (2015). U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1524312 (2021). Li, M. & Ingwersen, W. H_r and H_f matrices of USEEIOv1.2 and v2.0.1-411. Other economic data sources used include the Gross Industry Output data and the associated Gross Output Chain-Type Price Index data for years 20022017, the 2012 Margins data that contain the value added per commodity between point of manufacture and point of sale that make up the difference between producers and purchasers price, and the 2012 Import Matrix (Table1). Water_national_2015_m1 no longer includes water withdrawal for hydroelectric power, as the USGS stopped estimating national water withdrawals for this category in 200055. Emissions from purchased goods and services and capital goods represent a significant emissions source for many organizations. Ec is obtained from Ei by multiplying its transpose by the commodity mix matrix, Cm, and transposing the result. A selected comparable model result matrix (N) and sector rankings derived from full model LCIA calculations are appropriate for this validation and comparison, because they represent measures resulting from the combination of all model components both at the unit scale (impact per USD) and as a result of total US production and consumption. For v2.0, total value added per industry is taken directly from the same 2012 BEA Use table that is a source for the economic data. Water flows are equally allocated to all related 6-digit NAICS. Handbook of methods. For example, category 4 (upstream transportation and distribution) has three methods: fuel-based, distance-based, and spend-based. Industrial water withdrawals in v1.1 were calculated by scaling Canadian water withdrawals for manufacturing by US GDP. Read more in their carbon methodology, available on their carbon footprint site. ADS volume9, Articlenumber:194 (2022) https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2016). The general equation for emissions estimation is: E = A x EF x (1-ER/100) where: E = emissions; A = activity rate; Technol. The Water_national_2015_m1 model does not include water returns, as available estimates for water returns are from 1995 and do not account for advances and updates in machinery52. v2.0 relies on the BLS QCEW data for the employment satellite table to maintain a consistent employment data source throughout all environmental accounts, as BLS QCEW is used as an allocation source. Emissions from some activities relating to solvent utilization were omitted from this method due to challenges and quality of the allocation approach. For the Waste management and remediation services sector, additional data for the specific flows in the GHG satellite table was assigned using an input file, as specified in the WasteDisaggregation_Env sheet of the primary data record. The most common sources listed in the table are: To apply the EF Hub scope 1 and 2 factors, the organization can first define the GHG generating activity for each relevant source category, then apply the appropriate factors for stationary combustion, mobile combustion, fugitive emissions, electricity, heat, or steam. developed the methodology and software programming in flowsa and performed data curation for all environmental data, and wrote associated sections of the manuscript. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (2023), Scientific Data (Sci Data) Ingwersen, W.W., Li, M., Young, B. et al. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. EPA's supply chain GHG emission factors are based on US Environmentally-Extended Input-Output models and are presented in emissions per dollar of spend. The data is built upon the US EPA's National Greenhouse Gas Industry Attribution Model. This can be represented using Eq. Table5 provides a list of all final demand columns included in the BEA Detail Use table and their respective association with the final demand variable. Direct SMOG impacts have decreased across most agricultural commodities, especially crops (e.g. 5, where xi,z is the year industry output for industry i in the currency year, z, corresponding to the year of the national flow totals. North American Industry Classification System. 32, where the sum of industry value added, w, after normalization and transformation to be in commodity form, multiplied by the total requirements matrix, L, results in ~1 for each sector, i. Miller, R. & Blair, P. Input-output analysis: Foundations and extensions. The scope 3 emissions for one organization are the scope 1 and 2 emissions of another organization. The approach used to disaggregate this sector provides 6-digit NAICS granularity, which is the most detailed NAICS designation given in the official classification. In v2.0, these land use categories are allocated to sectors using BLS employment data43. The Scope 3 Standard presents details on all scope 3 categories and requirements and guidance on reporting scope 3 emissions. Learn More Facts and figures. A model configuration file was first created to define all the model input data and characteristics. Additionally, the Water_national_2015_m1 methodology differs from Water Use Satellite table compiled for v1 for Crop Irrigation, Industrial, Mining, Thermoelectric, and Hydroelectric water estimates. The original Mining attribution version calculated results using process and employment-based factors published by Blackhurst et al.53. The relative contribution, rc of a flow, f, to an impact intensity coefficient from N for a given indicator, n, can be calculated using Eq. in order to minimize inter-plant variability. Although it is economic data, the handling of it is identical to that of the environmental and employment data used to construct the satellite tables. The final factors are available in the Supply Chain Emission Factors for US Industries and Commodities dataset. Understanding the consumption-based accounting (CBA), production-based accounting (PBA), and emissions embodied in trade is an important prerequisite for designing climate mitigation policies. The full names of the indicators in the columns are given in Table3. USEEIO Model Overview and EEIO Primer. Electricity and Drinking Water) or construction activities (e.g., Highways, Streets and Bridges, and Utilities Buildings and Infrastructure), which are sectors dominated by domestic activities. EPA's GHG Emission Factors Hub provides factors for most scope 3 categories. Waste management and remediation services fell out of the top 20 due to the disaggregation of the waste sectors in v2.0. With the direct impacts D and the total requirements L, the matrix N which contains the direct plus indirect impact coefficients can be calculated via Eq. The original relation between the environmental data in the form of national totals by industry, E, and the model economic data uses the model industry output, as described in Eq. The intent of this detailed analysis is to provide information and recommendations on available opportunities to work with County vendors to improve environmental performance and advance the health and wellbeing of the residents of Alameda County and beyond., US Department of Energy The Make table columns represent which commodities are produced by different industries. For xz to be in year y USD, the year of the IO data, x, must first be price adjusted using Eq. Purchaser price reflects the producers price plus sale and transportation margins11. conceptualized USEEIO v2.0, led the methodological development for model building and validation, contributed to useeior and flowsa software, supervised the team, administered the project, and led writing the manuscript. This report describes the preparation of those factors with a background on the modeling associated with this preparation, and presents extensive analysis of the factors, including supporting equations and results in two appendices. It is a method that national statistical offices (NSOs) are beginning to adopt as a complement to other data produced in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA). The waste sector disaggregation procedure required the definition of an additional set of configuration files that provide instructions for this disaggregation procedure. - Government published carbon conversion factors. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. For the Oil and gas extraction (211000) commodity, the entirety of the production value is assigned to the Solid waste landfill (562212) industry, as it is assumed that this represents landfill gas production. There are few notable changes in intensity of CRHW in v2.0. The EEIO sector determines the region and sector-based factors which are used for estimating financed emissions. 11:30-12:15. Nonpoint criteria and toxic air emissions are sourced from the 2017 Nonpoint, Nonroad, and Onroad NEI datasets28. The model indicators quantitatively relate the environmental and economic flow data to an aggregate impact through the use of characterization factors. 44, 21262130, https://doi.org/10.1021/es903147k (2010). Stat. To calculate emissions, estimate the lifetime electricity consumption (in kWh) for all products sold in the reporting year. The B or D matrices may be used for similar purposes but only include the direct impact or flow per USD. The resulting coefficients from these calculations can be interpreted as a measure of the environmental intensity of a sector in the year the environmental data are reported, but given in terms of the IO year dollar value. BEA detail) through a schema mapping. A summary of life cycle impact assessment results from v2.0 for 2012 total US production and consumption are presented in Table8. In v1 models, a base economic year of 2013 different than the IO year of the economic data was used. EPA Home Science Inventory Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for US Industries and Commodities. U.S. EPA Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for U.S. Commodities and Industries The U.S. EPA Supply Chain Emission Factors for U.S. Industries and Commodities dataset is a comprehensive set of supply chain emission factors covering all categories of goods and services in the U.S. economy. figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17145878.v1 (2022). The direct+indirect impacts are calculated like in Eq. The US Economic Census (EC), published by the US Census Bureau, provides economic data for all sectors of the US economy and is used to estimate industry consumption of the disaggregated waste management commodities (i.e., Use table rows)20. Information is ordered by the respective Nomenclature For Reporting (NFR) source category code. The BEA IO sector codes are based on the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS). BLM/OC/ST-13/002+1165 https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/pls2012-web.pdf (U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 2013). Monthly Energy Review - 2014. https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/ (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016). AC-17-SS-1 https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Online_Resources/Farm_and_Ranch_Irrigation_Survey/fris.pdf (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2019). Inventory of u.s. Greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 19902016. The final perspective associates the totals with the final consumption sectors that drove that impact. Net public supply is calculated by subtracting public supply deliveries to domestic to avoid double counting, then assigned to NAICS 221310. U.S. Census Bureau https://www.census.gov/naics/2012NAICS/2-digit_2012_Codes.xls (2019). In v2.0, the USDA CoA land in farms data are used as an allocation source, rather than as a primary data source. In Eq. Official websites use .gov Fresh soybeans, canola, flaxseeds, and other oilseeds and Fresh wheat, corn, rice, and other grains). The environmental data inputs for an EEIO model are national totals of flows (physical movements of specific resources, emissions or employment) by industries. 4. Young, B. et al. Rehkamp, S., Canning, P. & Birney, C. Tracking the U.S. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1526371 (2017). Revised methods for particulate matter estimates in the NEI were implemented since 2011, the data year used in v1.1, that better account for emissions of dust from livestock31. 17, 19) matrix, representing total indicator amount for each indicator. The report notes: This deeper analysis uses details contained within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys United States Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) model to highlight specific activities that occur within the supply chain of the goods and services procured by the County that drive the bulk of the impacts and to identify those impacts that are generated locally (e.g., particulate matter emissions from local vendor fleet operations). Horowitz, K. J. The margins present for Waste and Remediation were allocated using the total Use table commodity output. This equation is shown in Eq. Matrix algebra is used to represent the steps of creating the USEEIO model, using conventions for variable names commonly used in a mix of standard references for IO analysis16 and LCA17, and the existing USEEIO model documentation. Following this mapping, each satellite table is assessed to ensure that no environmental flows were lost during the transformation. Comparing rankings may also be used as another form of model validation that incorporates the demand vectors and the indicators as well as the model result matrices. New for v2.0 is the use of a standard flow list for representing elementary flows, or raw materials from or returning to the technosphere. The SAS data provides the total expenses of more detailed sectors within Waste management and remediation services. To obtain an allocation percentage for the industries that consume Waste management and remediation services commodity (i.e. Additionally, to support the use of the FEDEFL for the new environmental data, flows used in the indicators also were updated to correspond to the FEDEFL. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Public Land Statistics 2007. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1524319 (2021). Heijungs, R. & Suh, S. The Computational Structure of Life Cycle Assessment. Therefore, selecting the correct project type is pivotal. 3, B is in flow x commodity form after transforming BI into this form with the market shares matrix transformation. The Waste management and remediation services industry itself produces most of this commodity (83%). Report No. A ^ symbol over a variable represents the diagonalization of a vector as a matrix. Prod. Other basic organic chemicals leapt 6 places, while Truck transport fell 7 places. International Actions - The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Amazon used USEEIO as a source for life cycle CO2e factors in their corporate carbon footprint calculation for estimating part of their carbon footprint related to purchased goods and services and their facilities. Chemical releases reported by facilities in these datasets include toxic releases, metal compounds, nutrients, and organic pollutants. To do so, the following approach was taken: When the underlying data for specific flows is available at the six digit NAICS level, the flow is mapped to the corresponding disaggregated sector codes as indicated in Table6. Users should be aware of the limitations of using the Rest of World results. In some cases, environmental flows may appear in more than one satellite table if the associated sectors do not overlap. Processing of Criteria and Hazardous Air Emissions was supported by the office of Fossil Energy (FE) for the United States Department of Energy (DOE), National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) under NETL Contract Number DE-FE0025912. The allocation of the value added sectors is handled separately (and described below). However, annual tables are also published at a more aggregated level of detail and with less reported data but with only a ~12 year time lag to help address the time lag limitations12. USEEIO was used by Climate Earth to calculate emissions associated with most purchased goods and services as part of Merck's annual corporate responsibility report. Only two categories use a specific method (e.g., supplier-specific method, fuel-based method) in year one and seven in year five. For SMOG, decreases are also apparent in agricultural sectors and many manufacturing sectors where decreases in impact intensity for Wood pulp, Paints and Cement stand out. The correspondence stems from BEA-NAICS relationship table released with national input-output (IO) accounts by BEA10. The state data are summed to calculate national land use by animal type for pasture and grazed land. However when this demand vector is applied to the model, output of these commodities is positive due to industry consumption, reflecting the commodity output totals. zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6370073 (2022). The Use table rows represent the use of commodities by the industries in the IO table. It is worth noting that the Imports and Exports IO sectors (F00500 and F00400) are not classified as any customer class in the Economic Census, but are allocated as Business firms and farms for disaggregation purposes. Figure 2 shows an example progression over time of improvement and expansion. However, changes in the Make Transactions have resulted in a substantial increase in the quantity assigned to the Corn products commodity; Other basic organic chemicals, which is one of the largest generators of CRHW, supplies a significantly higher share of Corn products in the make transactions, increasing from approximately 4% of total commodity output in 2007 to 37% in 2012. Timber and raw forest products impact intensity increased due to a decrease in land area assigned to timberland and negative economic growth between 2007 and 2012. In the original analysis, BLM hard rock leases and EIA MECS relied on BEA employee compensation for granular allocation. The core of an IO model is a direct requirements matrix, A, representing the dollar inputs from other sectors per dollar output. If value added inputs are excluded, the biggest input is the Waste management and remediation services sector itself, representing 19% of all intermediate inputs. Point source releases to air reflect facility reported releases in these datasets and include both criteria and toxic air pollutants.